HOD 3960-02: Environmental Change & Psychology
(or the Psycho-social, Place-based Context of Community Wellness)

Fall Semester, 2003
Wednesdays, 8:10 – 11:00, Payne 112
Instructor: Doug Perkins, www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/dougpage.html 
Office Hours: Wed. 11-12, Tu/Th 2:30-3:00 or by app’t, 107 Mayborn
Voice: 322-3386, Fax: 322-1769, E-mail: d.perkins@vanderbilt.edu

Course Description:  The purpose of this seminar is two-fold: 1. provide a broad and interdisciplinary overview of the psycho-social study of the physical environment and its improvement or protection, including the natural environment but with special attention to urban residential environments and public spaces; 2. develop student-authored papers for submission to a special journal issue on behavioral research on community environmental change.  Topics include community, social, and environmental psychology; ecological psychology (behavior settings, more broadly defined); environmental sociology, anthropology, and planning; housing, community development, & neighborhood revitalization; environmental empowerment; urban growth/sprawl & New Urbanism; applied environmental psychology (learning environments and organizations); participatory planning; environmental threats to community health and wellness (contamination, disasters, & disruptions); environmental criminology; and individual, organizational, community, and public policy-level analyses and interventions.

Course Format:  Class meetings will be run as a seminar in which the instructor and individual students will lead class discussion of the readings and encourage questions on and debate of those topics.  Presentations will typically be short, informal, and set the context for discussion.  Please do all readings before the class they are scheduled so you will be prepared to participate in the discussion.  Student papers (see below) will also be discussed periodically in class.  The exact schedule of topics and reading assignments may change. 

Course Requirements: Students will be responsible for leading or co-leading in-class discussion of 3 required readings as well as presenting their course paper as it is developed.  Try to decide which readings you will lead on by the 2nd week of class & let the instructor know.  You do not need to turn in a separate paper on those readings, but your review of them may be incorporated into your term paper if the topic is relevant.

The written work will consist entirely of 2 preliminary drafts and a final draft of a 20-to-40-page (DS) paper each student will write for submission to a special journal issue on interdisciplinary community environmental studies, which the instructor will be co-editing.  There are no exams or separate papers because the final draft is expected to be of publishable or near-publishable quality.  The paper can be on any topic related to the course and can be in the form of either a thorough critical literature review, a policy analysis paper, or an empirical paper (e.g., in-depth case study of a specific program or organization).  See the long bibliography below for topic ideas and sources.

The journal for the special issue has yet to be determined, but may be the American Journal of Community Psychology.  The ultimate aim of the special issue is the development of a truly interdisciplinary network that integrates the rigorous theoretical and empirical work in psychology and sociology with the pragmatic, policy orientation of urban planning and the critical focus, values, and experience of community psychology and community development in engaging the community and conducting environmentally-focused action-research.

Grading System:  You will be graded mainly on each draft of your paper (25%, 25%, 50%), but class attendance and participation will also be factored in.  All grades for this course will be based on a 20‑point scale as follows: 18‑20=A+, 16‑17=A, 15=A‑, 14=B+, 13=B, 12=B‑, 11=C+,10=C, 9=C‑, 8=D+, 7=D, 6=D‑, 0‑5=F.  This system is designed to recognize that A's actually range from "very good" (16) to "extraordinary" (20) and that F's range from "very poor effort" (5) to "no effort" (0). It rewards (or punishes) those gradations accordingly.  Late work will lose points, and any missing units of work will be graded 0 unless you submit a written explanation and plan for completing the work.  Talk to the instructor if you're having problems.

Reserve Books: Because only parts of the following books will be used, they are not required for purchase and so not in the bookstore.  I will try to put them on library reserve or you can find them on Amazon.com.
Bechtel, Robert B. & Arza Churchman (Eds.)(2002). Handbook of Environmental Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Calthorpe, P., & Fulton, W. (2001). The regional city: Planning for the end of sprawl. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Palen, J.J. (1997).  The urban world, 5th Edition.  McGraw-Hill 

	COURSE SCHEDULE

Week (Date)	Topic: Required Readings
1 	8/27	Overview of course & syllabus, discussion of possible paper topics; review: 
a.	Werner, C. M., Brown, B. B., & Altman, I. (2002). Transactionally oriented research: Examples and strategies. In Robert B. Bechtel & Arza Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 203-221). New York: Wiley.
b.	Manzo, L.C., & Perkins, D.D. (2002) Neighborhoods as common ground: The importance of place attachment to community participation and development. (unpub)

2	9/3	Community, social, and environmental psychology:
a.	Holahan, C.J., & Wandersman, A. (1987). The community psychology perspective in environmental psychology. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental psychology: Vol. 1 (pp. 827-861). New York: Wiley. OR Saegert, S. (1987). Environmental psychology and social change. In D. Stokols,  & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environment psychology (Vol. 1). NY: Wiley.
b.	Christens (2002). Interdisciplinary Interests in Community Psychology: Environmental Psychology. (unpublished)
c.	Brody, Julia G. (2000). Environmental issues. In Rappaport, J., & Seidman, E. (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 941-944). New York: Plenum.
d.	Long, D. Adam, & Perkins, D.D. (2003). Intersections between Place Identity and Social Identity: A Dialectical Model of “Self-Identity Space” (unpub.; Adam will resent an empirical paper that flows from this review) 
	GENERAL PAPER TOPIC & CHOICE OF READING PRESENTATIONS DUE

3	9/10	Ecological psychology: Behavior settings, more broadly defined:
a.	Wicker, A.W. (2002). Ecological psychology: Historical contexts, current conception, prospective directions. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 114-126). New York: Wiley.
b.	Oxley, D., Haggard, L.M., Werner, C.M., & Altman, I. (1986). Transactional qualities of neighborhood social networks: A case study of “Christmas Street.” Environment and Behavior, 18, 640-677. OR Altman, I., Werner, C.M., Oxley, D., & Haggard, L.M. (1987). "Christmas Street" as an example of transactionally oriented research. Environment and Behavior, 19(4), 501-524. OR  Brown, B.B., & Werner, C.M. (1985). Social cohesiveness, territoriality and holiday decorations: The influence of cul-de-sacs. Environment and Behavior, 17, 539-565.  
c.	Kuo, F.E., Sullivan, W.C., Coley, R.L., & Brunson, L.  (1998).  Fertile ground for community:  Inner-city neighborhood common spaces. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26(6), 823-851.

4	9/17	Environmental Sociology, Anthropology, and Planning
a.	Liebow, Edward B. (2002). Environmental anthropology. In R.B. Bechtel & A, Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 147-159). Wiley.
b.	Dunlap, Riley (2002). Environmental sociology. . (2002). Environmental anthropology. In R.B. Bechtel & A, Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 160-171). New York: Wiley.
c.	Churchman, A. (2002). Environmental psychology and urban planning: Where can the twain meet? In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 191-200). New York: Wiley.

5	9/24	Community development and psychology
a.	Perkins, D.D., Hughey, J., & Speer, P.W. (2002). Community psychology perspectives on social capital theory and community development practice. Journal of the Community Development Society, 33(1), 33-52. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/JCDS.02.pdf 
b.	Perkins, D.D., Crim, B., Silberman, P., & Brown, B.B. (in press). Community development as a response to community-level adversity: Ecological research and strengths-based policy. In K. Maton, C. Schellenbach, B. Leadbeater, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Strengths-building research and policy: Investing in children, youth, families, and communities. Wash., DC: American Psychological Assoc. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/cdchap10.htm 
c.	Bonnes, M., & Bonaiuto, M. (2002). Environmental psychology: From spatial-physical environment to sustainable development. In R.B. Bechtel, & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 28-54). New York: Wiley 

6	10/1	Environmental Empowerment:
a.	Perkins, D.D. (1995). Speaking truth to power: Empowerment ideology as social intervention and policy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 765-794. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/EMP-POL.final.rtf  OR Perkins, D.D., Brown, B.B., & Taylor, R.B. (1996). The ecology of empowerment: Predicting participation in community organizations. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 85-110. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/jsi-org4.htm
b.	Saegert, S. (1989). Unlikely leaders, extreme circumstances: Older Black women building community households. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 295-316. OR Saegert, S., & Winkel, G. (1996). Paths to community empowerment: Organizing at home. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 517-550.
c.	Rich, R.C., Edelstein, M., Hallman, W.K., & Wandersman, A.H. (1995). Citizen participation and empowerment: The case of local environmental hazards. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 657-676.
d.	Speer, P.W., & Hughey, J. (1995). Community organizing: An ecological route to empowerment and power. American J.  of Community Psychology, 23, 729-748.
e.	Christens, B., & Perkins, D.D. (2003), Interdisciplinary, multilevel participatory action research to enhance ecological and psychopolitical validity. (unpublished)	
1st DRAFT OF PAPER DUE (LITERATURE REVIEW)

7	10/8 	Urban problems, housing, planning, & neighborhood revitalization: 
a.	Palen, J. (1997). Urban world, chapters 12-14 (295-370)
b.	Perkins, D.D., et al. (2003). Psychological predictors of neighborhood revitalization: A longitudinal and multi-level analysis. (under review) OR Brown, B.B., Perkins, D.D., & Brown, G. (2003). Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 259–271. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/BrownPerkinsBrown.03.JEP.pdf 

8	10/15	Urban growth/sprawl, communities of place, regional design, public policy:
a.	Calthorpe & Fulton, The Regional City, pp. xv-102; skim Part 3 (pp. 105-193) & choose 1 metro area to describe in class
b.	Nashville: http://www.civicdesigncenter.org/ http://www.planofnashville.com/ (see also “Participatory planning and design”)
c.	National Neighborhood Coalition (2001). Smart Growth for Neighborhoods: Affordable Housing and Regional Vision. www.neighborhoodcoalition.org

9	10/22	New Urbanism:
a.	Calthorpe & Fulton, pp. 195-285: Renewing the region’s communities, The suburb’s maturation; Renewing urban neighborhoods; Conclusion: Transforming the edge city into the regional city; Charter of the Congress for New Urbanism
b.	Plas, J.M., & Lewis, S.E. (1996). Environmental factors and sense of community in a planned town. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 109-143.
c.	Brown, B. B., & Cropper, V.L. (2001). New urban and standard suburban subdivisions: Evaluating psychological and social goals. Journal of the American Planning Association, 67, 402-419. OR Brown, B. B., Burton, J. R., & Sweaney, A. (1998). Neighbors, households, and front porches: New Urbanish community tool or mere nostalgia? Environment and Behavior, 30, 579-600.

10	10/29	Applied environmental psychology: Learning environments and organizations:
a.	Gifford, R. (2002). Making a difference: Some ways environmental psychology has improved the world. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 323-334). New York: Wiley.
b.	Werner, C.M., Voce, R., Openshaw, K-G., Simons, M. (2002). Designing service-learning to empower students and community: Jackson Elementary builds a nature study center. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 557-579.
c.	Bess, Cooper, Evans, Perkins & Speer (2003). The ecology of community organizational learning: Contexts, levels, dynamics, and orders of service learning. (unpublished)

11	11/5	Participatory planning and design
a.	Hester, R. (1987). Participatory design and environmental justice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 4, 289-299. OR Hester, R.T., (1985). 12 steps to community development. Landscape Architecture, 75, 78-85.
b.	Horelli, Liisa (2002). A methodology of participatory planning. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 607-628). New York: Wiley.
c.	Wiesenfeld, Esther, & Sanchez, Euclides (2002). Sustained participation: A community based approach to addressing environmental problems. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 629-643). New York: Wiley.
2ND DRAFT OF PAPER DUE (REVISED LIT REVIEW & ANALYSIS)

12	11/12	Environment and health:
a.	Evans, G.W., & Cohen, S. (1987). Environmental stress. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology: Volume 2 (pp. 571-610). New York: Wiley.
b.	Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47, 6-22.
c.	Lawrence, Roderick J. (2002). Healthy residential environments. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 394-412). Wiley.

13	11/19	Environmental threats-I: Contamination, Disasters, & Disruptions:
a.	Baum, A., & Fleming, I. (1993). Implications of psychological research on stress and technological accidents. American Psychologist, 48(6), 665-672.
b.	Edelstein, M. R. (2002). Contamination: The invisible built environment. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 559-588). New York: Wiley. OR Edelstein, M.R., & Wandersman, A. (1987). Community dynamics in coping with toxic contaminants. In I. Altman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Neighborhood and community environments (pp.69-112). New York: Plenum.
c.	Brown, B.B., & Perkins, D.D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. In I. Altman and S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 279-304). New York: Plenum. OR Peek, L.A., & Mileti, D.S. (2002). The history and future of disaster research. In R.B. Bechtel & A, Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 511-524). New York: Wiley.
d.	d'Estree, Tamra Pearson, Dukes, E. Franklin, & Navarrete-Romero, Jessica (2002). Environmental conflict and its resolution. In R.B. Bechtel & A, Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 589-606). New York: Wiley.

		11/26	Thanksgiving: NO CLASS

14	12/3	Environmental threats-II: Environmental criminology:
a. Perkins, D.D., Wandersman, A., Rich, R.C., & Taylor, R.B. (1993). The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality and incivilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 29-49.
b. Perkins, D.D., & Taylor, R.B. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 63-107. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/newsfear.htm 
c. Taylor, R.B., & Harrell, A.V. (1996). Physical environment and crime. NIJ Research Report. Washington, DC: USDJ. OR Taylor, R.B. (2002). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): Yes, no, maybe, unknowable, and all of the above. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 413-426). New York: Wiley.

15	12/10	Applying behavioral research toward environmental wellness
a.	Geller, E.S. (2002). The challenge of increasing proenvironmental behavior. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 525-540). New York: Wiley.
b.	Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (2002). Emerging theoretical and methodological perspectives on conservation behavior. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 541-558). New York: Wiley.
c.	Werner, C.M. (2003). Changing homeowners' use of toxic household products: A transactional approach. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 33-45.
d.	Kuo, F.E. (2002). Bridging the gap: How scientists can make a difference. In R.B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (pp. 335-346). New York: Wiley.

16	12/18	EXAM WEEK: PAPER PRESENTATION; FINAL DRAFT OF PAPER DUE

Published Sources on the Psycho-social Context of Environmental Change (recommended reading):
Academic Journals:

Journal of Environmental Psychology
Environment & Behavior
Journal of Architectural and Planning Research
Journal of the American Planning Association 
Journal of Urban Affairs 
Urban Affairs Review 
Urban Studies
Housing Policy Debate
Journal of Housing Research
Housing Studies
Journal of Environmental Systems
Journal of Environment and Development
Environmental Politics
Environment & Urbanization
Environmental Education Research 
Applied Environmental Educ. & Communication
Canadian Journal of Environmental Education
Journal of Planning Education and Research
Journal of Planning Literature
American Journal of Community Psychology
Journal of Community Psychology
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
Human Ecology Review
Children’s Environments Quarterly
Community Development Journal
Journal of the Community Development Society
Journal of Social Issues
City & Community: ASA Urban/Community Sociology
Gender, Place & Culture
Population & Environment
Organization & Environment
Health & Place

Environmental Psychology

Altman, I. (1973). Some perspectives on the study of man-environment phenomena. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 4(1), 109-126.
Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory and crowding. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
Altman, I. (1976). Environmental psychology and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2(2), 96-113.
Altman, I. (1977). Privacy regulation: Culturally universal or culturally specific? Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 66-84.
Altman, I. & Chemers, M. M. (1980). The American home. Culture and environment (pp. 181-214). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Altman, I., & Churchman, A. (Eds.)(1994). Women and the Environment. New York: Plenum.
Altman, I., & Gauvain, M. (1981). A cross-cultural and dialectic analysis of homes. In L.S. Liben, A.H. Patterson, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span (pp. 283-320). New York: Academic Press.
Altman, I., & Low, S. (Eds.) (1992). Place attachment. New York: Plenum.
Altman, I., & Rogoff, B. (1987). World views in psychology: Trait, interactional, organismic, and transactional perspectives. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1-40). Wiley.
Altman, I., Vinsel, A., & Brown, B.B. (1981). Dialectic conceptions in social psychology: An application to social penetration and privacy regulation. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Volume 14 (pp. 107-160). New York: Academic Press.
Altman, I., & Wandersman, A. (Eds.) (1987). Neighborhood and community environments. New York: Plenum.
Altman, I., & Werner, C. (Eds.)(1985). Home environments (Vol. 8: Human behavior and environment: Current theory and research). New York: Plenum.
Altman, Irwin; Werner, Carol-M; Oxley, Diana; Haggard, Lois-M "Christmas Street" as an example of transactionally oriented research. Environment-and-Behavior. 1987 Jul; Vol 19(4): 501-524.
Altman, I., & Wohlwill, J.F. (Eds.) (1977). Human behavior and environment (Vol. 1). New York: Plenum.
Barling, T. & Golledge [Eds.] (1993).  Behavior and environment: Psychological and geographical approaches.  Amsterdam: North Holland.
Baum, A., & Fleming, I. (1993). Implications of psychological research on stress and technological accidents. American Psychologist, 48(6), 665-672. 
Baum, A., Fleming, I., & Davidson, L.M. (1983). Natural disaster and technological catastrophe. Environment and Behavior, 15, 333-354.
Baum, A., Fleming, I., & Singer, J.E. (1982). Stress at Three Mile Island: Applying psychological impact analysis. In L. Bickman (Ed.), Applied social psychology annual (Vol. 3). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Baum, A. J., Gatchel, R. J., Aiello, J. R., & Thompson, D. (1981). Cognitive mediation of environmental stress. In J. Harvey's (Ed.). Cognition, social behavior and the  environment (pp. 513-534). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baum, A., Gatchel, R.J., & Schaeffer, M. (1983). Emotional, behavioral and physiological effects of chronic stress at Three Mile Island. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 565-572.
Brown, B.B. (1985). Residential territories: Cues to burglary vulnerability. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 2, 231-243.
Brown, B.B. (1987). Territoriality. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology: Volume 2 (pp. 505-531). New York: Wiley.
Brown, B.B., & Altman, I. (1981). Territoriality and residential crime: A conceptual framework. In P.J. Brantingham & P.L. Brantingham (Eds.), Environmental Criminology (pp. 55-76). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Brown, B.B., & Altman, I. (1983). Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: An environmental analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 203-220.
Brown, B.B. & Bentley, D.L. (1993). Residential burglars judge risk: The role of territoriality. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 51-61.
Brown, B.B., & Perkins, D.D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. In I. Altman and S. Low (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 279-304). Vol. 12 in series “Human behavior and the environment: Advances in theory and research.” New York: Plenum.
Bryant, B. (ed.) (1995).  Environmental justice: Issues, policies, and solutions.  Washington, DC: Island Press.
Bullard, R. D. (1990). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class and environmental quality. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Cohen, S., Evans, G., Stokols, D., & Krantz, D. (1986). Behavior, health, and environmental stress. Plenum.
De Young, R. (1999).  Environmental psychology.  In D. E. Alexander and R. W. Fairbridge [Eds.]  Encyclopedia of environmental science.  Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Edelstein, M.R. (1988). Contaminated communities: The social and psychological impacts of residential toxic exposure. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Edelstein, M.R., & Wandersman, A. (1987). Community dynamics in coping with toxic contaminants. In I. Altman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Neighborhood and community environments (pp.69-112). New York: Plenum.
Evans, G., & Cohen, S. (1987). Environmental stress. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 571-610). New York: John Wiley.
Fondacaro, M. R., & Weinberg, D. (2002).  Concepts of social justice in community psychology: Toward a social ecological epistemology.  American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(4), 473-493.
Holohan, C. J., & Wandersman, A. (1987).  The community psychology perspective in environmental psychology.  In D. Stokols, &  I. Altman [Eds.], Handbook of Environmental Psychology.  New York: Wiley.
Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1982).  Cognition and environment.  New York: Praeger.
Kelly, J. G. (1970). Towards an ecological conception of preventive interventions. In D. Adelson, & B. Kalis (Eds.), Community psychology and mental health (pp. 126-145). Scranton, PA: Chandler.
Long, D.A. (2002).  A model of self-identity space: Dialectical analysis and synthesis of theories of social identity and place identity.  Major Area Paper, Vanderbilt Unviersity.
McGee, T. K. (1999).  Private responses and individual action: Community responses to chronic environmental lead contamination.  Environment and Behavior, 31(1), 66-83.
Perkins, D.D., Wandersman, A., Rich, R.C., & Taylor, R.B. (1993). The physical environment of street crime: Defensible space, territoriality and incivilities. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 29-49.
Perkins, D.D., Meeks, J.W., & Taylor, R.B. (1992). The physical environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: Implications for theory and measurement. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 21-34.
Perkins, D.D., & Taylor, R.B. (1996). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 63-107. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/newsfear.htm 
Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A.K., & Kaminoff, R. (1983).  Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self.  Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(1), 57-83.
Saegert, S. (1987). Chapter 4: Environmental psychology and social change. In D. Stokols,  & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environment psychology (Vol. 1). NY: Wiley.  
Stokols, D. & Altman, I. (Eds.)(1987). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: Wiley.
Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47, 6-22.
Stokols D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 282-298.
Werner, Carol M. (1987). A transactional approach to neighborhood social relationships. in Oskamp, Stuart (Ed), Spacapan, Shirlynn (Ed). Interpersonal processes. (pp. 25-57). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Werner, Carol M, Altman, Irwin Humans and nature: Insights from a transactional view. in Wapner, Seymour (Ed), Demick, Jack (Ed), et al. (2000). Theoretical perspectives in environment-behavior research:  Underlying assumptions, research problems, and methodologies. (pp. 21-37). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Werner, C. M., Brown, B. B., & Altman, I. (1997). The physical environment and cross-cultural psychology. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (2nd Edition, Volume 3) (pp. 255-290). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Werner, C. M., Brown, B. B., & Altman, I. (2002). Transactionally oriented research: Examples and strategies. In Robert B. Bechtel & Arza Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 203-221). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Werner, C.M., Peterson-Lewis, S., & Brown, B.B. (1989). Inferences about homeowners’ sociability: Impact of Christmas decorations and other cues. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 279-296.

Environmental Sociology and Environmental Protection
Aronson, E. & O'Leary, M. (1982-83). The relative effectiveness of models and prompts on energy conservation: A field experiment in a shower room. Journal of Environmental Systems, 12, 3, 219-224. 
Black, J. Stanley et al., (1985). Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptation. J. of Applied Psychology, 70, 3-__. 
Cialdini, Robert B. et al., A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct” Recycling the Concept of Norms to Reduce Littering in Public Places, 58 Joruanl of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015-____. 
Cook, S. W. & Berrenberg, J. L. (1981). Approaches to encouraging conservation behavior: A review and conceptual framework. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 2, 73-107. 
Dakin, S. A. (1998). Can one make a difference? Exploring the differential effects of norm salience and the self-monitoring trait on the Norm Focus Theory's application to recycling behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 56, 6-B, 
Dholakia, R. R., Dholakia, N., & Firat, A. F. (1983). From social psychology to political economy: A model of energy use behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 3, 3-4, 231-247. 
Fine, Gary Alan (2001). Enacting norms: Mushrooming and the culture of expectations and explanations. Hechter, Michael (Ed); Opp, Karl-Dieter (Ed), 139, 429, 139-164. 
Finnie, W. C. (1973). Field experiments in litter control. Environment and Behavior, 5, 2, 123-144. 
Flannery, B. L., & May, D. R. (1994). Prominent factors influencing environmental activities: Application of the Environmental Leadership Model (ELM). Special Issue: Leadership for environmental and social change. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 3-4, 201-221. 
Foddy, M, & Smithson, M. (1999). Choice of transportation mode: Factors influencing drivers' willingness to reduce personal car use and support car regulations . In Garvill, J. (Ed.). Resolving social dilemmas: Dynamic, structural, and intergroup aspects. (pp. 263-279). 
Guagnano, G. A. (2001). Altruism and market-like behavior: An analysis of willingness to pay for recycled paper products. Population & Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 22, 4, 425-438. 
Harland, P., Staats, H. & Wilke-Henk, A. M. (1999). Explaining proenvironmental intention and behavior by personal norms and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 12, 2505-2528. 
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Joireman, J. A.; Lasane, T. P.; Bennett, J.; Richards, D.; Solaimani, S. (2001). Integrating social value orientation and the consideration of future consequences within the extended norm activation model of proenvironmental behaviour.. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1, 133-155. 
Kaiser, F. G. & Shimoda, T. A. (1999). Responsibility as a predictor of ecological behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology , 19, 3, 243-253. 
Lynne, G. D., Casey, C. F., Hodges, A. & Rahmani, M. (1995). Conservation technology adoption decisions and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16, 4, 581-598. 
Grasmick, H. G., Bursik, R. J. & Kinsey, K. A. (1991). Shame and embarrassment as deterrents to noncompliance with the law: The case of an antilittering campaign. Environment and Behavior, 23, 2, 233-251. Macey, S. M., & Brown, M. A. (1983). Residential energy conservation: The role of past experience in repetitive household behavior. Environment and Behavior, 15, 2, 123-141. 
Nemiroff, L. S., & McKenzie-Mohr, D. (1992). Determinants and distinguishing variables of pro-disarmament behavior and responsible environmental behavior.. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 1, 1-24. 
Newhouse, N. (1990). Implications of attitude and behavior research for environmental conservation. Journal of Environmental Education, 22, 1, 26-32. 
Minton, A. P. & Rose, R. L. (1997). The effects of environmental concern on environmentally friendly consumer behavior: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Research, 40, 1, 37-48. 
Minton, A. P. (1995). Chronic norm focus: The interaction effects of norms and dispositions on environmentally friendly consumer behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 55, 12-A, 
Reno, R. R. (1991). "Norm"ally distributed data: The differential effects of injunctive, descriptive, and personal norms on littering. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52, 4-B, 
Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B. & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 1, 104-112. 
Rich, R.C., Edelstein, M., Hallman, W.K., & Wandersman, A.H. (1995). Citizen participation and empowerment: The case of local environmental hazards. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 657-676.
Schwartz, Shalom H. (1970). A Normative Decision-Making Model of Altruism, in Altruism and Helping Behavior 189 (Jaqueline Macauley & Leonard Berkowitz, eds.,)
Schwartz, Shalom H. (1977). Normative Influences on Altruism. in Leonard Berkowitz (ed.), 10 Advances in Experimental Psychology (pp. 222-)
Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992). Universals in the Context and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries. In Mark P. Zanna (ed.), 25 Advances in Experimental Psychology. 
Seligman, C. & Finegan, J. E. (1990). A two factor model of energy and water conservation. In J. Edwards, R.S. Tindale, L. Heath & E.J. Posaval (Ed.). Social Influences: Processes and Prevention. (pp. 279-299). New York: Plenum. 
Siero, S., Boon, M., Kok, G., & Siero, F. (1989). Modification of driving behavior in a large transport organization: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 3, 417-423. 
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Stern, Paul C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 407-___. 
Stern, Paul C. et al., (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology, 6, 81-___. 
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). An integrated model of waste management behavior: A test of household recycling and composting intentions. Environment and Behavior, 27, 5, 603-630. 
Van Liere, K.D. & Dunlap, R.E. (1978). Moral norms and environmental behavior: an application of Schwartz’s norm-activation model to yard burning. 8 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 8, 174 - ___. 
Werner, Carol M. (2003). Changing homeowners' use of toxic household products: A transactional approach. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 33-45.
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Community Organizing and Development:
Ackelsberg, M.A. (1988). Communities, resistance & women’s activism: Some implications for a democratic polity. In A. Bookman & S. Morgen (Eds.) Women & the politics of empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 297‑313.
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Ahlbrandt, R.S., Jr. (1984). Neighborhoods, people and community. New York: Plenum.
Alinsky, S. (1971). Rules for radicals. New York: Random House.
Bellah, R.N. et al. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. NY: Harper & Row. (Ch. 7 and 8)
Berkowitz, B. (1984). Community dreams: Ideas for enriching neighborhood and community life. Impact Press.
Bicklen, D.P. (1983). Community organizing. Prentice Hall.
Bobo, K., Kendall, J., and Max, S. (1991). Organizing for Social Change. St. Paul, MN: Seven Locks.
Brager, G., Specht, H., & Torczyner, J.L. (1987). Community Organizing (2nd ed.). Columbia U. Press.
Brodsky, A.E., Marx, C.M. (2001). Layers of identity: Multiple psychological senses of community within a community setting. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 161-178.
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Chavis, D.M. & Wandersman, A. (1986). Roles for research and the researcher in neighborhood development. In R.B. Taylor (Ed.), Urban neighborhoods: Research and policy. New York: Praeger.
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Churchman, A. (1987). Can resident participation in neighborhood rehab programs succeed? Israel's Project Renewal through a comparative perspective. In I. Altman & A. Wandersman (Eds.), Neighborhood and community environments. New York: Plenum.
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Minkler, M. (1997)(Ed.). Community organizing and community building for health. Rutgers U. Press. 
Moffatt, K.; George, U.; Lee, B.; McGrath, S. (1999). Advancing citizenship: a study of social planning. Community Development Journal, 34, 308-317.
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Perkins, D.D. (1995). Speaking truth to power: Empowerment ideology as social intervention and policy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 765-794. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/EMP-POL.final.rtf 
Perkins, D.D., Brown, B.B., & Taylor, R.B. (1996). The ecology of empowerment: Predicting participation in community organizations. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 85-110. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/jsi-org4.htm 
Perkins, D.D., Crim, B., Silberman, P., & Brown, B.B. (in press). Community development as a response to community-level adversity: Ecological research and strengths-based policy. In K. Maton, C. Schellenbach, B. Leadbeater, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Strengths-building research and policy: Investing in children, youth, families, and communities. Wash., DC: American Psychological Assoc. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/cdchap10.htm  
Perkins, D.D., Florin, P., Rich, R.C., Wandersman, A. & Chavis, D.M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 83-115.
Perkins, D.D., Hughey, J., & Speer, P.W. (2002). Community psychology perspectives on social capital theory and community development practice. Journal of the Community Development Society, 33(1). http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/JCDS.02.pdf 
Perkins, D.D., & Long, D.A. (2002). Neighborhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis. In A. Fisher, C. Sonn, & B. Bishop (Eds.), Psychological sense of community: Research, applications, and implications (pp. 291-318). New York: Plenum. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/perkins%20SoCchap9.htm 
Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN: 0684832836
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Rao, P.K. (2000). Sustainable development: Economics and policy. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Rappaport, J. (1995). Empowerment meets narrative: Listening to stories and creating settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 795-807.
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Rich, R.C. (1981). Municipal services and the interaction of the voluntary and government sectors. Administration and Society, 13, 59‑76.
Rich, R.C. (1981). The roles of neighborhood organizations in urban service delivery. In H. Specht & R. Kramer (Eds.), Readings in community organization practice. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice‑Hall.
Rich, R.C., & Rosenbaum, W.A. (1981). Citizen participation in public policy. J. of Applied Behavioral Science, 17(4).
Rubin, H.J., & Rubin, I.S. (1992). Community organizing and development (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Saegert, S. (1989). Unlikely leaders, extreme circumstances: Older Black women building community households. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 295-316.
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Schorr, L. (1997). Common purpose: Strengthening families and neighborhoods to rebuild America. NY: Anchor.
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Unger, D.G., & Wandersman, A. (1983). Neighboring and its role in block organizations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11, 291‑300.
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Wandersman, A., Florin, P., Chavis, D.M., Rich, R.C., & Prestby, J. (1985). Getting together and getting things done. Psychology Today, 65‑71.
Wandersman, A., Florin, P., Friedman, R., & Meier, R. (1987). Who participates, who does not, and why? An analysis of voluntary neighborhood organizations in the United States and Israel. Sociological Forum, 2, 534‑555.
Wandersman, A., & Giamartino, G. (1980). Community and individual difference characteristics as influences on initial participation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 217-228.
Warren, D.I., & Warren, R.B. (1977). The neighborhood organizer's handbook. University of Notre Dame Press.
Warren, R.L. (1965). Studying your community. NY: Free Press.
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Housing and Neighborhood Revitalization, Planning & Design:
Achtenberg, E., & Marcuse, P. (1983). Towards the decommodification of housing: A political analysis and a progressive program. In C. Hartman (Ed.), America’s housing crisis: What is to be done? (pp. 202-231). Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Ahlbrandt, R.S., Jr., & Brophy, P. (1975). Neighborhood revitalization: Theory and practice. D.C.Heath.
Ahlbrandt, R., & Cunningham, J. (1979). A new policy for neighborhood preservation. New York: Praeger.
Altman, I., & Zube, E.H. (eds.)(1989). Public places and spaces. NY: Plenum.
Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley, CA: U.Cal. Press.
Armstrong, J. (1993). Making community involvement in urban regeneration happen: Lessons from the United Kingdom. Community Development Journal, 28, 355-361.
Arnaud, C.-A. (1993). The role of housing in social integration strategies for disadvantaged young people. Community Development Journal, 28, 334-341.
Audirac, I. (1992).  Is the development debate of the 1990s to resonate as a fanfare for community? Journal of the American Planning Association, 58, 514-516.
Audirac, I., & Shermyen, A.H. (1994). An evaluation of Neotraditional Design’s social prescription: Postmodern placebo or remedy for suburban malaise? Journal of Planning Education and Research, 13,161-173.
Audirac, I., Shermyen, A.H., & Smith, M.T. (1990). Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the Good Life: Florida's Growth Management Dilemma. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56, 470-482.
Babcock, R.F. (1966). The zoning game: Municipal practices and policies.
Bohl, C.C. (2000). New Urbanism and the city: Potential applications and implications for distressed inner-city neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate, 11, 761-802.
Bratt, R.G. (1985). The Neighborhood Movement: A Blip on the Landscape or a Blueprint for Action. Community Development Journal, 20, 80‑88.
Bratt, R.G. (1987-88). Dilemmas of community-based housing. Policy Studies Journal, 16 (2), 324‑334.
Bratt, R.G. (1989). Rebuilding a low-income housing policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 
Bratt, R.G., Hartman, C., & Meyerson, A. (Eds.)(1986). Critical perspectives on housing. Temple Univ. Press.
Brown, B. B., Burton, J. R., & Sweaney, A. (1998). Neighbors, households, and front porches: New Urbanish community tool or mere nostalgia? Environment and Behavior, 30, 579-600.
Brown, B. B., & Cropper, V.L. (2001). New urban and standard suburban subdivisions: Evaluating psychological and social goals. Journal of the American Planning Association, 67, 402-419.
Brown, B.B., Perkins, D. D., & Brown, G. (2003). Place attachment in a revitalizing neighborhood: Individual and block levels of analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology. http://www.people.vanderbilt.edu/~douglas.d.perkins/BrownPerkinsBrown.03.JEP.pdf 
Brown, B.B., & Werner, C.M. (1985). Social cohesiveness, territoriality and holiday decorations: The influence of cul-de-sacs. Environment and Behavior, 17, 539-565.  
Brown, G., Brown, B.B., & Perkins, D.D. (in press). New housing as neighborhood revitalization: Place attachment and confidence among residents. Environment and Behavior.
Bullard, R. D., Johnson, G. S., & Torres, A. O. (eds.) (2000).  Sprawl city: Race, politics and planning in Atlanta.  Washington DC: Island Press.
Burchell, R.W., Listokin, D., & Galley, C.C. (2000). Smart growth: More than a ghost of urban policy past, less than a bold new horizon. Housing Policy Debate, 11, 821-879.
Calthorpe P. (1993). The next American metropolis: Ecology, community, and the American dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Calthorpe, P., Fulton, W., & Fishman, R. (2001). The regional city: Planning for the end of sprawl. Washington, DC: Island Press.
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Gratz, R.B. (1989). The living city. New York: Simon & Schuster.
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Hester, R. (1985). Landstyles and lifescapes: 12 steps to community development. Landscape Architecture, 75, 78-85.
Hester, R. (1987). Participatory design and environmental justice. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 4, 289-299.
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Kunstler, J.H. (1993). The geography of nowhere: The rise and decline of America’s man-made landscape. NY: Touchstone.
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R/UDAT Report: Nashville (1999): http://www.nashville.org/mpc/rudat.html 
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Wagner, F.W., Ioder, T.E., & Mumphrey, A.J. (Eds.)(1995). Urban Revitalization: Policies and Programs. Sage.
Zube, E. & G. Moore, G. (eds.)(1987). Advances in environment, behavior and design. NY: Plenum.

Relevant Academic Professional Associations

Urban Affairs Association
Environmental Design Research Association
International Association for People-Environment Studies
Division 34 of Am. Psych. Assoc: Population & Environmental Psychology
Society for Community Research & Action (APA Division 27)
Community Development Society
International Association for Community Development